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Coil embolization of an aorticopulmonary fistula in a dog


Coil embolization of an aorticopulmonary fistula in a dog

Author information

Leach S.B., Fine D.M., Schutrumpf R.J. 3rd, Britt L.G., Durham H.E., Christiansen K. Coil embolization of an aorticopulmonary fistula in a dog // J Vet Cardiol. 2010 Dec;12(3):211-6.

Abstract

An 8-year-old, castrated male Basset Hound was evaluated for congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography and angiography demonstrated a left-to-right shunting aorticopulmonary fistula. Coil embolization of the fistula was initially successful in reducing the volume of blood flow through the vascular network. The dog was medically managed for congestive heart failure until it was euthanized 6 months after initial presentation. The physiology and treatment of centrally located arteriovenous fistulae are discussed.

An 8-year-old, castrated male Basset Hound was presented to his referring cardiologist for coughing and tachypnea of 2 days duration, and exercise intolerance of several months duration. A heart murmur of unknown intensity was first heard 6 months prior on a routine wellness examination. Thoracic radiographs showed generalized enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and prominent left atrial enlargement along with mild pleural effusion, diffuse interstitial infiltrates, and pulmonary arterial and venous distension, consistent with congestive heart failure. Echocardiography revealed a continuous left-to-right shunting defect that was best visualized from the left side of the thorax in a location reported to be atypical for a patent ductus arteriosus. An ECG revealed atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 220 bpm. Therapy with furosemide (3 mg/kg PO q 12 h), enalapril (0.5 mg/kg PO q 12 h), diltiazem (1 mg/kg PO q 8 h), pimobendanc (0.25 mg/kg PO q 12 h), and digoxin (0.0047 mg/kg PO q 12 h) was initiated. The dog was subsequently referred to the University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) for further evaluation.

On presentation to the VMTH the dog was lethargic, depressed, and no improvement in clinical signs was reported with therapy. Physical examination revealed an irregularly irregular heart rhythm with a rate of approximately 200 bpm with femoral arterial pulse deficits and variable pulse quality. A grade IV/VI left apical systolic heart murmur was ausculted. The respiratory rate was 50 breaths/minute and increased bronchovesicular sounds were detected diffusely. Thoracic radiographs were repeated and demonstrated signs of persistent heart failure including left atrial enlargement, pulmonary arterial and venous distension, and diffuse interstitial infiltrates. The cardiac silhouette was enlarged with a vertebral heart score of 13.25 (reference range 8.5—10.6).1 Systolic blood pressure measured 100 mm Hg using Doppler methodology. An ECG documented atrial fibrillation with a ventricular response rate of 200 bpm.

A serum biochemistry panel showed a mild increase in blood urea nitrogen (33 mg/dL; reference range, 8—28 mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (139 U/L; reference range, 9—58 U/L). Diltiazem was discontinued due to evidence of systolic dysfunction reported on the previous echocardiogram. The dog was hospitalized and given furosemide (2 mg/kg IV q 6 h) and 3 doses of digoxin (0.002 mg/kg, IV, q 3 h). Following intravenous digoxin therapy, the heart rate was maintained at 150—180 bpm overnight. The following day, echocardiography showed severe left atrial dilation (5.24 cm; reference range, 2.0— 2.6 cm), severe left ventricular chamber dilation in diastole (6.17 cm; reference range 4.1— 4.7 cm) and systole (4.15 cm; reference range 2.6—3.2 cm). Severe mitral regurgitation and mild tricuspid regurgitation were seen on color Doppler. Continuous-wave Doppler interrogation of the tricuspid regurgitation revealed no evidence of pulmonary hypertension. A long, tortuous vascular structure was seen in an oblique left cranial view, with the probe positioned at the mid-thorax. There was continuous low-velocity flow through the structure demonstrated on continuous-wave Doppler (Fig. 1A—C). Peak velocity through the structure measured 2.42 m/s.

The patient was anesthetized and a 6 Fr vascular access sheathd was placed in the right femoral artery and a 5 Fr pigtail angiographic cathetere was advanced to the level of the aortic root with the assistance of a 0.035”, 150 cm flexible guide wiree. Selective aortography was performed by injecting contrast mediumf (1.5 mL/kg IV) utilizing an automated injector at a rate of 13 mL/s for 3 s. A left-to-right shunting vascular fistula was noted coursing from the descending aorta and terminating into a plexus of smaller vessels, which entered the main pulmonary artery (Fig. 2A—C and Video 1). Given the unknown cause of the aorticopulmonary fistula, the dog was recovered without attempting to occlude the vessel. The dog was discharged on furosemide (2.3 mg/kg PO q 12 h), enalapril (0.5 mg/kg PO q 12 h), digoxin (0.007 mg/kg PO q 12 h), and pimobendan (0.25 mg/kg PO q 12 h).

The dog returned 3 weeks later for further evaluation and attempted occlusion of the fistula. Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were normal. The dog was anesthetized and computed tomography of the thorax was performed to determine if the fistula was the result of neoplastic neovascularization. No mass or other abnormalities were visualized. Since no discernable cause for the aorticopulmonary fistula was seen, we attempted coil occlusion. A 7 Fr vascular access sheath was placed into the right jugular vein and a 6 Fr angiographic catheterg was passed to the level of the pulmonic valve and an angiogram was performed. The pulmonary vasculature was normal. A 6 Fr vascular access sheath was placed into the right carotid artery and a 5 Fr pigtail angiographic catheter was advanced into the descending aorta and selective aortography was performed to delineate the anatomy of the fistula. A 5 Fr vertebral curve catheterh was passed into the aorticopulmonary fistula with the assistance of a guide wire. Eight embolization coils' of varying diameters were sequentially deployed into the lumen of the fistula using 3 Fr 115 cm biopsy forcepsj. Repeat angiography demonstrated a substantial decrease in the volume of shunting through the fistula, although smaller patent aberrant vessels were now more apparent (Fig. 2D and Video 2). Placement of an additional coil was attempted, but it could not be secured within the coil mass as there was excessive motion of the free end of the coil, suggesting an increased likelihood of aortic embolization.

Figure 1 (A) Left cranial oblique echocardiogram of a dog with an aorticopulmonary fistula

Left cranial oblique echocardiogram of a dog with an aorticopulmonary fistula

Arrow indicates a vascular connection to the pulmonary artery. (B) Same view as A, with color Doppler overlay. (C) Low velocity continuous flow through the fistula demonstrated with continuous-wave Doppler. Ao, aorta; MPA, main pulmonary artery.

Invasive dorsal pedal arterial blood pressures were recorded during the catheterization procedure following the computed tomography of the thorax. Initial blood pressures ranged from 80 to 100 mm Hg systolic, 58—76 mm Hg mean, and 42—60 mm Hg diastolic. A dobutamine constant rate infusion was initiated and the pressures rose to a range of 110—130 mm Hg systolic, 70—80 mm Hg mean, and 50—60 mm Hg diastolic. No changes in blood pressures were noted following partial coil occlusion of the fistula. The dog recovered uneventfully from anesthesia and a repeat echocardiogram was performed the following day. Although there was no change in cardiac dimensions, the flow velocity through the fistula had decreased to 1.5 m/s on continuous- wave Doppler. The dog was discharged on the i previously prescribed cardiac medications and cephalexin (20 mg/kg PO q 12 h for 14 days).

A recheck examination was performed at 3 months. The owners reported that the dog still had a decreased appetite but had otherwise returned to normal. On physical examination the dog was tachypneic (64 breaths/min) but not dyspneic. The heart rhythm was irregularly irregular with a rate of 144—170 bpm, consistent with the previous diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. The heart murmur was unchanged in intensity or quality from previous evaluations. An echocardiogram showed no changes in the cardiac dimensions; however, the continuous low-velocity flow across the fistula had increased back to pre-occlusion values. Radiographs showed enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with a vertebral heart score of 14, but no evidence of congestive heart failure. The serum digoxin concentration for a 2-h post-pill sample was 2.44 ng/mL (therapeutic range, 0.8—2.2 ng/mL). The dose of digoxin was reduced to 0.005 mg/kg PO q 12 h, which resulted in an improvement in the dog’s appetite. Serum digoxin concentrations were repeated 2 weeks later and were 1.4 ng/mL measured 6 h post-pill.

The dog presented 5 months after the initial visit for coughing and inappetence. The owners reported that his resting respiratory rate had been normal at home. Thoracic radiographs revealed no evidence of congestive heart failure; however, severe left mainstem bronchial compression was evident. Echocardiography revealed an increase in the left atrial size in comparison to the previous study (6.85 cm; reference range, 2.0—2.6 cm). The dog was discharged with hydrocodone (0.22 mg/kg PO q 8—12 h), and the owner subsequently reported a decrease in the frequency of coughing episodes at home. Approximately 6 months after initial visit the dog was presented to an emergency clinic for acute onset of dyspnea and tachypnea, and was subsequently euthanized. No necropsy was performed.

Figure 2 (A) Right lateral angiogram of the descending aorta demonstrating a left-to-right shunting aorticopulmonary fistula (arrows). (B) Same view as A, showing left-to-right shunting and opacification of the pulmonary artery

Right lateral angiogram of the descending aorta demonstrating a left-to-right shunting aorticopulmonary fistula

(C) Same view as A and B, demonstrating the large complex vascular network associated with the aorticopulmonary shunt. (D) Right lateral angiogram of the descending aorta after deployment of several embolization coils (arrowheads), demonstrating reduced volume of flow through the aorticopulmonary fistula.

Discussion

Arteriovenous (AV) fistulae are uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine.2-10 Most AV fistulae involve the peripheral vasculature in the extremities and are usually secondary to trauma.3-7 Centrally located AV fistulae occur less frequently, usually affecting the great vessels and cardiac chambers.7 In humans, aorticopulmonary fistulae are most commonly acquired secondary to thoracic surgery or trauma or as a sequela to disease processes that cause substantial stress and distension on the aortic wall including atherosclerosis, mycotic infections, and bacterial endocarditis.11-13 Less commonly, aorticopulmonary fistulae have been reported as congenital malformations in dogs and humans.8,14 Coronary artery to right atrial fistula and aortic to left atrial fistula secondary to bacterial endocarditis have been reported in dogs.9,10 The underlying cause for fistula formation in the case presented here could not be determined. There was no history of trauma, pulmonary disease, or travel beyond the state of Missouri. However, it appears likely that the defect was acquired rather than congenital as a murmur was first ausculted only 6 months before presentation.

The clinical presentation of aorticopulmonary fistulae resembles that of other left-to-right shunting defects such as a patent ductus arteriosus or aorticopulmonary window. If the shunt is large enough, the resulting pulmonary over-circulation can eventually lead to left-sided congestive heart failure. Additionally, the shunting of high-pressure systemic arterial blood into the lower pressure pulmonary vasculature may result in severe pulmonary vascular remodeling including medial hypertrophy, intimal fibrosis, and vascular dilatation.15 The degree of pulmonary vascular changes have been reported to be related to the diameter of the fistula, with large fistula more likely to result in rapid heart failure and smaller fistula creating varying degrees of flow-mediated vascular remodeling and subsequent pulmonary hypertension.15

Surgical intervention is the most frequent treatment for both central and peripheral AV fistulae with ligation of feeding arteries and draining veins. However, embolization with coils, balloons, and cyanoacrylate glue has also been reported.3, 16-19 Coil embolization reduced, but did not completely occlude flow through the fistula in this dog. As flow was reduced, it became progressively harder to stably place additional coils. Further, smaller vascular channels were more apparent after closure of the main vessel. Persistent shunting through fistulae is a common long-term complication of attempted closure. Shunting may even occur after an initially successful closure, and may be due to either recanalization of the occluded vessels, continued flow through previously unrecognized feeder arteries, or development of collateral fistulae. Long-term follow up of endovascular therapy for aorticopulmonary fistulae is unknown, however, for other vascular malformations including pulmonary arteriovenous (i.e. pulmonary artery to pulmonary venous) malformations and aortobronchial fistulae a 9e19% recanalization rate has been reported.20-22

Conflicts of interest

No conflict of interest.

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